Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP22-07-01-005. NSDUH Series H-57. Cent Behav Health Stat Qual Subst Abuse Ment Health Serv Adm; 2022.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): African Americans. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.; 2022.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health. Mental and Behavioral Health – African Americans. 2021.
Neighbors HW, Caldwell C, Williams DR, Nesse R, Taylor RJ, Bullard KM, et al. Race, ethnicity, and the Use of Services for Mental Disorders: results from the National Survey of American Life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:485.
Melfi CA, Croghan TW, Hanna MP, Robinson RL. Racial variation in antidepressant treatment in a Medicaid Population. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:16–21.
Wyse R, Hwang W-T, Ahmed AA, Richards E, Deville C. Diversity by race, ethnicity, and sex within the US Psychiatry Physician Workforce. Acad Psychiatry. 2020;44:523–30.
Lin L, Stamm K, Christidis P. How diverse is the psychology workforce? Monitor on Psychology. 2018.
Soto A, Smith TB, Griner D, Domenech Rodríguez M, Bernal G. Cultural adaptations and therapist multicultural competence: two meta-analytic reviews: SOTO. J Clin Psychol. 2018;74:1907–23.
Sohail Z, Bailey RK, Richie WD. Misconceptions of Depression in African Americans. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5.
Dhaliwal R, Pereira RI, Diaz-Thomas AM, Powe CE, Yanes Cardozo LL, Joseph JJ. Eradicating racism: an endocrine Society Policy Perspective. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:1205–15.
Barefoot JC, Schroll M. Symptoms of Depression, Acute Myocardial Infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation. 1996;93:1976–80.
Gillespie SL, Anderson CM, Zhao S, Tan Y, Kline D, Brock G, et al. Allostatic load in the association of depressive symptoms with incident coronary heart disease: the Jackson Heart Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;109:104369.
Steptoe A, Kivimäki M. Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:360–70.
Richardson S, Shaffer JA, Falzon L, Krupka D, Davidson KW, Edmondson D. Meta-analysis of perceived stress and its Association With Incident Coronary Heart Disease. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:1711–6.
Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. The Lancet. 2004;364:953–62.
Alcántara C, Muntner P, Edmondson D, Safford MM, Redmond N, Colantonio LD, et al. Perfect storm: concurrent stress and depressive symptoms increase risk of myocardial infarction or death. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015;8:146–54.
Sumner JA, Khodneva Y, Muntner P, Redmond N, Lewis MW, Davidson KW et al. Effects of Concurrent depressive symptoms and perceived stress on Cardiovascular Risk in Low- and high‐income participants: findings from the reasons for geographical and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, et al. Defining and setting National Goals for Cardiovascular Health Promotion and Disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic impact goal through 2020 and Beyond. Circulation. 2010;121:586–613.
Kronish IM, Carson AP, Davidson KW, Muntner P, Safford MM. Depressive symptoms and Cardiovascular Health by the American Heart Association’s definition in the reasons for Geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e52771.
Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 update: a Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143.
Arias E, Tejada-Vera B, Ahmad F, Kochanek KD. Provisional Life Expectancy estimates for 2020. Vital Statistics Rapid Release; 2021. p. 15.
Elgazzar R, Nolan TS, Joseph JJ, Aboagye-Mensah EB, Azap RA, Gray DM. Community-engaged and community-based participatory research to promote American Heart Association Life’s simple 7 among african american adults: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0238374.
Haynes N, Kaur A, Swain J, Joseph JJ, Brewer LC. Community-based Participatory Research to improve Cardiovascular Health among US racial and ethnic minority groups. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-022-00298-5.
Aboagye-Mensah EB, Azap RA, Odei JB, Gray DM, Nolan TS, Elgazzar R, et al. The association of ideal cardiovascular health with self-reported health, diabetes, and adiposity in african american males. Prev Med Rep. 2020;19:101151.
Joseph JJ, Glover A, Olayiwola JN, Rastetter M, Allen J, Chip), Knight K et al. Mask up: academic-community-government partnerships to Advance Public Health during COVID-19. Popul Health Manag. 2021;:pop.2020.0305.
Gray DM, Nolan TS, Gregory J, Joseph JJ. Diversity in clinical trials: an opportunity and imperative for community engagement. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:605–7.
Joseph JJ, Nolan TS, Williams A, McKoy A, Zhao S, Aboagye-Mensah E et al. Improving Cardiovascular Health in Black Men through a 24-Week Community-Based Team Lifestyle Change intervention: the Black Impact Pilot Study. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2022;:100315.
Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Silva ES, et al. Physical activity and Incident Depression: a Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:631–48.
Torres ER, Sampselle CM, Gretebeck KA, Ronis DL, Neighbors HW. Physical Activity Effects on depressive symptoms in black adults. J Health Disparities Res Pract. 2010;4:70–87.
Cohen CI, Sokolovsky J. Schizophrenia and Social Networks: ex-patients in the Inner City*. Schizophr Bull. 1978;4:546–60.
Holt-Lunstad J, Robles TF, Sbarra DA. Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States. Am Psychol. 2017;72:517–30.
Steinman L, Parrish A, Mayotte C, Bravo Acevedo P, Torres E, Markova M, et al. Increasing Social Connectedness for Underserved older adults living with Depression: a Pre-Post evaluation of PEARLS. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;29:828–42.
Marshall-Fabien GL, Miller DB. Exploring ethnic variation in the relationship between stress, Social Networks, and depressive symptoms among older Black Americans. J Black Psychol. 2016;42:54–72.
Brewer LC, Redmond N, Slusser JP, Scott CG, Chamberlain AM, Djousse L, et al. Stress and achievement of Cardiovascular Health Metrics: the American Heart Association Life’s simple 7 in blacks of the Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e008855.
España-Romero V, Artero EG, Lee D, Sui X, Baruth M, Ruiz JR, et al. A prospective study of Ideal Cardiovascular Health and depressive symptoms. Psychosomatics. 2013;54:525–35.
Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, Cooper-Patrick L, Wang N-Y, Klag MJ. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men: the Precursors Study. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1422.
Gaffey AE, Cavanagh CE, Rosman L, Wang K, Deng Y, Sims M, et al. Depressive symptoms and Incident Heart failure in the Jackson Heart Study: Differential Risk among Black Men and Women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11:e022514.
Gaye B, Prugger C, Perier MC, Thomas F, Plichart M, Guibout C, et al. High level of depressive symptoms as a barrier to reach an ideal cardiovascular health. The Paris prospective study III. Sci Rep. 2016;6:18951.
Li Z, Yang X, Wang A, Qiu J, Wang W, Song Q, et al. Association between Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics and Depression in Chinese Population: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11564.
Moise N, Khodneva Y, Richman J, Shimbo D, Kronish I, Safford MM. Elucidating the Association between depressive symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and stroke in black and white adults: the REasons for Geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003767.
Poirat L, Gaye B, Perier MC, Thomas F, Guibout C, Climie RE, et al. Perceived stress is inversely related to ideal cardiovascular health: the Paris prospective study III. Int J Cardiol. 2018;270:312–8.
The Diabetes Prevention Program. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403.
Bail J, Nolan TS, Vo JB, Gisiger-Camata S, Meneses K. Engaging an urban african American Community to deliver Cognitive Health education to breast Cancer survivors. J Cancer Educ. 2018;33:870–4.
Joseph J, Gray DM, Gregory J, Nolan, Timiya S. Black Impact Pilot Intervention – Weekly Programming Curriculum. figshare; 2022.
Joseph JJ, Gray DM, Williams A, Zhao S, McKoy A, Odei JB, et al. Addressing non-medical health-related social needs through a community-based lifestyle intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic: the black impact program. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0282103.
Radloff LS, The CES-D, Scale. A self-report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item Depression Screener. Med Care. 2003;41:1284–92.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385–96.
Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–83.
Radloff LS, Locke BZ. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). In Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. 2nd edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2008.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. Perceived stress scale. Meas Stress Guide Health Soc Sci. 1994.
Hays RD, Sherbourne CD, Mazel RM. The rand 36-item health survey 1.0. Health Econ. 1993;2:217–27.
Hays RD, Morales LS. The RAND-36 measure of health-related quality of life. Ann Med. 2001;33:350–7.
Brewer LC, Balls-Berry JE, Dean P, Lackore K, Jenkins S, Hayes SN. Fostering african-american improvement in Total Health (FAITH!): an application of the American Heart Association’s life’s simple 7™ among midwestern African-Americans. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2017;4:269–81.
Brewer LC, Hayes SN, Jenkins SM, Lackore KA, Breitkopf CR, Cooper LA, et al. Improving Cardiovascular Health among African-Americans through Mobile Health: the FAITH! App pilot study. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:1376–8.
Langford AT, Butler M, Booth JN, Jin P, Bress AP, Tanner RM, et al. Stress and Depression are Associated with Life’s simple 7 among African Americans with hypertension: findings from the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34:1311–21.
Zhang Z, Jackson S, Merritt R, Gillespie C, Yang Q. Association between cardiovascular health metrics and depression among U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2014. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;31:49–56e2.
Adams LB, Baxter SLK, Lightfoot AF, Gottfredson N, Golin C, Jackson LC, et al. Refining black men’s depression measurement using participatory approaches: a concept mapping study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1194.
Ward EC, Brown RL, Sullivan-Wade L, Sainvilma S. A culturally adapted Depression intervention for african american adults: an efficacy trial. WMJ Off Publ State Med Soc Wis. 2021;120:273–80.
Ward EC, Brown RL. A culturally adapted depression intervention for african american adults experiencing depression: oh happy day. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2015;85:11–22.
Cooper LA, Ghods Dinoso BK, Ford DE, Roter DL, Primm AB, Larson SM, et al. Comparative effectiveness of standard versus patient-centered collaborative care interventions for Depression among African Americans in Primary Care Settings: the BRIDGE Study. Health Serv Res. 2013;48:150–74.
Marx W, Manger SH, Blencowe M, Murray G, Ho FY-Y, Lawn S, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of lifestyle-based mental health care in major depressive disorder: World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Australasian Society of Lifestyle Medicine (ASLM) taskforce. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2023;24:333–86.
Ciccolo JT, Louie ME, SantaBarbara NJ, Webster CT, Whitworth JW, Nosrat S, et al. Resistance training for black men with depressive symptoms: a pilot randomized controlled trial to assess acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:283.
Rogerson M, Wood C, Pretty J, Schoenmakers P, Bloomfield D, Barton J. Regular doses of nature: the efficacy of Green Exercise Interventions for Mental Wellbeing. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1526.
Li H, Zhang X, Bi S, Cao Y, Zhang G. Psychological benefits of green exercise in wild or urban greenspaces: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Urban For Urban Green. 2022;68:127458.
Coventry PA, Brown JenniferVE, Pervin J, Brabyn S, Pateman R, Breedvelt J, et al. Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: systematic review and meta-analysis. SSM – Popul Health. 2021;16:100934.
Hunter MR, Gillespie BW, Chen SY-P. Urban Nature Experiences reduce stress in the context of Daily Life based on salivary biomarkers. Front Psychol. 2019;10:722.
Joseph JJ, Golden SH. Cortisol dysregulation: the bidirectional link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13217.
Ward EC, Wiltshire JC, Detry MA, Brown RL. African american men and women’s attitude toward Mental illness, perceptions of Stigma, and Preferred coping behaviors. Nurs Res. 2013;62:185–94.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, Black T, Brewer LC, Foraker RE et al. Life’s Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association’s Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;146.
Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Roberts RE, Allen NB. Center for epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychol Aging. 1997;12:277–87.